Comparing Baron D Holbach s View On Determinism

People believe that genuine freedom of choice is not always possible because our decisions and actions are determined by factors beyond our control. This view is known as Determinism. There is also an extreme form of determinism known as ‘hard determinism,’ in which they believe that every demeanor can be traced to a cause, although they may disagree about what those causes are. The idea of determinism poses a difficult issue to the concept of ‘free will’. Are we able to make free choices if all our thoughts and actions are predetermined by our own past and the physical laws of nature? Majority of us would like to believe that we have the freedom of will and are able to make decisions based on our own discretion but, I personally believe that the deterministic view holds true to a certain extent and that most of our actions are a result of a force that is beyond our comprehension. My purpose in this essay is to explain and critically analyze Baron d’H olbach’s view on determinism. The deterministic view has its strengths and weaknesses and some of the popular explanations of human behavior that exemplify the determinist view are human nature, the environment, psychological forces and social dynamics. The human nature is based on the view that our actions are a direct consequence from our inborn nature and whether we do good or evil in life is beyond our control and we cannot alter our fundamental character. The environment explains that behaviors are direct products of the

The Walking Tour And Information Session - 1926 Words

The walking tour and information session validated my feelings that I am now in control of my life -- I’m making my own decisions -- I am progressing. For many years of my life, I felt that I wasn t moving in a positive direction, I was constantly battling life, fighting to finish the day on a positive note. I was trying my best but couldn’t overcome the daily struggles. In school, I was always told that I should be doing better and that all I needed to do was apply myself, try harder. It is difficult to explain the feeling of â€Å"want† without the ability to â€Å"do†. I knew that there was something more than just my inability to complete homework on time or study sufficiently for a test. I had numerous meetings with teachers, advisors, and administration, leaving frustrated as they each fruitless. Each meeting, I left feeling more discouraged, with thoughts of weakness and failure. In light of my struggles, I decided to seek counseling. I met with a doctor but, it was just as difficult for him to understand my issues as it was for me. In my final year as a high school student, I had two different doctors who had come to the conclusion that I had Bipolar Disorder. Once I had been diagnosed, labeled, I never once thought of it as a negative nor did I feel it to be an excuse for my shortcomings in high school. Knowing what was holding me back, allowed me the opportunity to research the disorder, learn all about it and personally use that research to help me grow. IShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Jet Lag, Artificial Air During Pressurized Aircraft Cabins And Sky Fatigue Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagesexercise that will condition your heart, make your reflexes and joints more fluid, keep the sugar levels or keep you from swinging from one mood to another! Nor is it the kind of exercise that will make you euphoric after a good cardiovascular session. 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Then the in-class training went over the application process again and supplied additional relevant information about the impact that certain pieces of legislation, such as the Patient Care and Affordable Care Act, has had on the access to healthcareRead MoreThe Life and Lasting Influence of Bessie Smith:1735 Words   |  7 Pagescensus also provides facts regarding the size of Smiths family that conflict with many published biographies. The censuses of 1870, 1880 and 1900 list Bessie Smith as the thirteenth child of William Smith and the tenth of Laura (Owens) Smith. This information does not coincide with accounts given by family and school mates interviewed by a Smiths biographer, Chris Albertson. According to his book, Bessie , William Smith was a laborer and part-time Baptist preacher who died before Bessie could rememberRead MoreObesity Is A Health Risk1474 Words   |  6 Pagestheir behavior but that the motivation element is lacking. 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The Effects Of Caffeine On Human Brain And Body - 1825 Words

Caffeine is a drug that has been studied for many years to learn more about how it effects the human brain and body. There have been many answers and yet there are still more answers to be found as scientists today continue to understand the effects of caffeine. We will look what parts of the brain involve sleep, how caffeine effects the brain and the body and try to determine if caffeine is a serious health threat or not. Adenosine also known as ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate which according to Susha Cheriyedath in her article Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Function in Cells (2017) â€Å"ATP is the main source of energy for most cellular processes. The building blocks of ATP are carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus.† So,†¦show more content†¦It does so by helping us transition from being awake, to being asleep. This is a result of â€Å"neurons in a part of the hypothalamus called the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) connect directly to the many arousal-promoting centers. Rather than stimulating activity in these areas, signals from VLPO neurons inhibit their activity. By shutting down the arousal centers, the VLPO promotes sleep,† (Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School in partnership with WGBH Educational Foundation, 2009). The brainstem is related to sleep in regards to the different stages of sleep such as rapid eye movement better know n as REM and non-rapid eye movement or NREM. The Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School in partnership with WGBH Educational Foundation tells us in their article Under the Brain’s Control (2009) tell us that â€Å"different neurotransmitters and different groups of neurons in the brainstem are involved in the transitions between REM and NREM sleep.† We go on to learn that there is a connection between sleep and adenosine and that it is the chemical that helps the body know when sleep is needed. â€Å"a powerful sleep drive builds up with prolonged wakefulness and shifts the balance toward sleep. How this occurs is not precisely known, but adenosine is one of the chemicals thought to accumulate during prolonged wakefulness. When it does, it serves toShow MoreRelatedCaffeine Addiction Essay800 Words   |  4 PagesIt is important to learn about caffeine addiction because people don’t know that they are addicted to it and that caffeine can damage the body and brain. 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Caffeine is in almost everything such as, sodas, over-counter medication, prescription drugs, cigarettes, foods, etc. The most consumed sources of caffeine are coffee and tea, and it [caffeine] can be harmful on your healthRead MoreEssay about Effects of Caffeine on Human Health1032 Words   |  5 PagesCaffeine is one of the most well-known orally consumed drug around the world. In the 1820s, a German chemist named Friedrich Ferdinand Runge first discovered caffeine by extracting it from coffee [6]. Coffee and tea are leading sources of caffeine in the adult diet whereas caffeinated soft drinks are leading sources of caffeine in the diet of children in North America [7]. The per capita consumption level of caffeine for consumers of all ages is approximately 120mg/day [4]. 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With so many people ingesting caffeine, do they know what it is? Are you conscious of your intake? Do you know how much you have per day? Did you know you could die from caffeine poisoning or overdose? You can! Do you need to consume caffeine daily to function properly? If so then you are most likely addicted. Caffeine has increasingly become an

Essay on Cinema Versus the Home Theater - 1006 Words

It seems that watching movies has become the most frequently mentioned pastime that is enjoyed by people from around the world. This is no surprise either, because everyone undeniably enjoys an experience when they can escape the daily reality for a little while, and fantasize about anything they wish or at least about what the movie being watched is offering. To live out these fantasies, two contrasting options are available; a trip to the cinema or staying at home. After a movie theater with its play-list is found, a movie is picked, and the trip is made, customers are faced with the almost certain minimum cost of $8.50 per person to get in. That means a family of four, would have to pay over $35 just for movie tickets. Once inside, if†¦show more content†¦Long available IMAX and now 3-D movies, offer an ever immersing movie picture with extra details, and will soon be the norm. In a recent Time interview James Cameron, an internationally acclaimed director with recent blo ckbusters such as Titanic and Avatar, stated that, Certainly every film Im planning to do will be in 3-D. This statement appears to be the common dogma of everyone in Hollywood and Silicon Valley. However, despite all these great features, sometimes the theater-movie is diminished or even ruined by distractions. There could a person who enjoys commenting on events occurring in the film, a baby could start crying, or a group of teenagers who will not stay still, might continue to bump the back of the chair or play on their cell-phones. Alternatively, a film is released for rent or purchase after a short period; usually no more than a month and sometimes even two weeks, depending on the generously supplied critique of the audience who went to the cinema. Provided on DVD, Blue-Ray, or digital format, a film can be rented for around $5 or even purchased for about $20. 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The main promises of digital projection are decreasedRead MoreMarketing Strategies Of Amazon s Marketing Strategy1743 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary World Wide International Consulting (WWI) was hired by Amazon to conduct an analysis of Amazons current marketing strategy, as well as predict the introduction of a new product to the industry; movie purchase/rentals when still in theaters. This research was done while taking into consideration the competition such as Netflix and Hulu. Introduction This report will focus on the current marketing strategies of Amazon and Netflix; while comparing and contrasting each company’s methodsRead MoreRegal Entertainment Group: Addressing Industry Dependency and Differentiation7165 Words   |  29 PagesFinal Term Paper Section 003 June 6, 2012 | Executive Summary Regal Entertainment Groups is the parent company of Regal Cinemas, which is made up of Regal Cinemas, the United Artists Theaters, and the Edwards Theater. It runs the largest theater circuit in the U.S., and uses the multiplex cinema model in metropolitan and metropolitan growth areas. The movie theater industry is highly competitive, both within the film entertainment industry (as with Netflix and pirated films) and with substituteRead MoreNew Media: An Examination2598 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿New Media: An Examination The statement New media does not replace old media it just changes it is completely true. One of the most lucid manifestations of this assertion is via online cinema and how the Internet has changed the experience of watching both home movies and the rate of attendance of people to movie theatres. This paper will attempt to demonstrate that has technology has become sleeker and more advanced, its also become smaller more handheld and more able to be possessed by theRead MorePhilippine Independent film as a Medium for Political and Social issues5632 Words   |  23 Pagestheir limit to whatever they are to portray in their works. Philippine cinema, in short, appears to have reached full circle: it is at the stage of refining and formulating its own conventions and, in the process, getting in close contact with the ferment in the other arts and at the same time, the serious critical attention and concern of people with a broader interest in culture. This is inevitable; as an art form the cinema in the Philippines can no longer remain isolated from the main currentRead MoreThe Role Of London Landmarks Of London, And 28 Days Later1910 Words   |  8 PagesJack was right and he needs to kill himself since he realizes he was responsible for the six murders. 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It is statistically apparent that independent features are highly regardedRead MoreEssay about Imax Case Study5592 Words   |  23 PagesThe experience lasts for about 35 to 45 minutes per film. They use the world’s largest film format with the highest quality digital sound. The screens are about 80 feet wide and 60 feet tall. It is an experience on a life time. They have over 200 theaters in 22 countries in back in 1997 and have continued to expand. IMAX started by producing large films that were educational and entertaining. Its venues were in educational facilities, such as aquariums, national parks and museums. But becauseRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pagesindustry in America. We shall also examine how the system relates to the current production methods used in film making. The main issues raised within the text will be summarised concisely within the conclusion. Before a film reaches the cinema screen, and its audience it must go through a three stage process. Firstly and most obviously it has to be produced, following this it must then be distributed, and finally exhibited. Before the introduction of the studio system inRead MoreBlue Ocean Strategy6804 Words   |  28 PagesHandsome profits, speedy growth—and brand equity that lasts for decades while rivals scramble to catch up. Consider Cirque du Soleil—which invented a new industry that combined elements from traditional circus with elements drawn from sophisticated theater. In just 20 years, Cirque raked in revenues that Ringling Bros. and Barnum Bailey—the world’s leading circus—needed more than a century to attain. The Idea in Practice How to begin creating blue oceans? Kim and Mauborgne offer these suggestions:

Timeline of Education Free Essays

Time Line of Education History of American Education Edu 324 Hernandez Karen Lane 4 March 2013 1647 The General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony decrees that every town of fifty families should have an elementary school and that every town of 100 families should have a Latin school. The goal is to ensure that Puritan children learn to read the Bible and receive basic information about their Calvinist religion. 1779 Thomas Jefferson proposes a two-track educational system, with different tracks in his words for â€Å"the laboring and the learned. We will write a custom essay sample on Timeline of Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scholarship would allow a very few of the laboring class to advance, Jefferson says, by â€Å"raking a few geniuses from the rubbish. † 1785 The Continental Congress passes a law calling for a survey of the â€Å"Northwest Territory† which included what was to become the state of Ohio. The law created â€Å"townships,† reserving a portion of each township for a local school. From these â€Å"land grants† eventually came the U. S. system of â€Å"land grant universities,† the state public universities that exist today. 1790 Pennsylvania state constitution calls for free public education but only for poor children. It is expected that rich people will pay for their children’s schooling. 1805 New York Public School Society formed by wealthy businessmen to provide education for poor children. Schools are run on the â€Å"Lancasterian† model, in which one â€Å"master† can teach hundreds of students in a single room. The master gives a rote lesson to the older students, who then pass it down to the younger students. These schools emphasize discipline and obedience qualities that factory owners want in their workers. 817 A petition presented in the Boston Town Meeting calls for establishing of a system of free public primary schools. Main support comes from local merchants, businessmen and wealthier artisans. Many wage earners oppose it, because they don’t want to pay the taxes. 1820 First public high school in the U. S. , Boston English, opens. 1827 Massachusetts passes a law mak ing all grades of public school open to all pupils free of charge. 1830s By this time, most southern states have laws forbidding teaching people in slavery to read. Even so, around 5 percent become literate at great personal risk. 1820-1860 3. 1 million immigrants arrive a number equal to one eighth of the entire U. S. population. Owners of industry needed a docile, obedient workforce and look to public schools to provide it. 1837 Horace Mann becomes head of the newly formed Massachusetts State Board of Education. Edmund Dwight, a major industrialist, thinks a state board of education was so important to factory owners that he offered to supplement the state salary with extra money of his own. 840s Over a million Irish immigrants arrive in the United States. Irish Catholics in New York City struggle for local neighborhood control of schools as a way of preventing their children from being force-fed a Protestant curriculum. 1848 Massachusetts Reform School at Westboro opens, where children who have refused to attend public schools are sent. This begins a long tradition of â€Å"reform schools,† which combine the education and juvenile just ice systems. 1851 State of Massachusetts passes first its compulsory education law. The goal is to make sure that the children of poor immigrants get â€Å"civilized† and learn obedience and restraint, so they make good workers and don’t contribute to social upheaval. 1865-1877 African Americans mobilize to bring public education to the South for the first time. After the Civil War, and with the legal end of slavery, African Americans in the South make alliances with white Republicans to push for many political changes, including for the first time rewriting state constitutions to guarantee free public education. In practice, white children benefit more than Black children. 1893-1913 Size of school boards in the country’s 28 biggest cities is cut in half. Most local district (or â€Å"ward†) based positions are eliminated, in favor of city-wide elections. This means that local immigrant communities lose control of their local schools. Makeup of school boards changes from small local businessmen and some wage earners to professionals (like doctors and lawyers), big businessmen and other members of the richest classes. 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision. The U. S. Supreme Court rules that the state of Louisiana has the right to require â€Å"separate but equal† railroad cars for Blacks and whites. This decision means that the federal government officially recognizes segregation as legal. One result is that southern states pass laws requiring racial segregation in public schools. 1905 The U. S. Supreme Court requires California to extend public education to the children of Chinese immigrants. 1917 Smith-Hughes Act passes, providing federal funding for vocational education. Big manufacturing corporations push this, because they want to remove job skill training from the apprenticeship programs of trade unions and bring it under their own control. 1924 An act of Congress makes Native Americans U. S. citizens for the first time. 1930-1950 The NAACP brings a series of suits over unequal teachers’ pay for Blacks and whites in southern states. At the same time, southern states realize they are losing African American labor to the northern cities. These two sources of pressure resulted in some increase of spending on Black schools in the South. 1932 A survey of 150 school districts reveals that three quarters of them are using so-called intelligence testing to place students in different academic tracks. 1945 At the end of World War 2, the G. I. Bill of Rights gives thousands of working class men college scholarships for the first time in U. S. history. 1948 Educational Testing Service is formed, merging the College Entrance Examination Board, the Cooperative Test Service, the Graduate Records Office, the National Committee on Teachers Examinations and others, with huge grants from the Rockefeller and Carnegie foundations. These testing services continued the work of eugenicists like Carl Brigham (originator of the SAT) who did research â€Å"proving† that immigrants were feeble-minded. 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. The Supreme Court unanimously agrees that segregated schools are â€Å"inherently unequal† and must be abolished. Almost 45 years later in 1998, schools, especially in the north, are as segregated as ever. 1957 A federal court orders integration of Little Rock, Arkansas public schools. Governor Orval Faubus sends his National Guard to physically prevent nine African American students from enrolling at all-white Central High School. Reluctantly, President Eisenhower sends federal troops to enforce the court order not because he supports desegregation, but because he can’t let a state governor use military power to defy the U. S. federal government. 1968 African American parents and white teachers clash in the Ocean Hill-Brownsville area of New York City, over the issue of community control of the schools. Teachers go on strike, and the community organizes freedom schools while the public schools are closed. 1974 Milliken v. Bradley. A Supreme Court made up of Richard Nixon‘s appointees rules that schools may not be desegregated across school districts. This effectively legally segregates students of color in inner-city districts from white students in wealthier white suburban districts. Late 1970s The so-called â€Å"taxpayers’ revolt† leads to the passage of Proposition 13 in California, and copy-cat measures like Proposition 2-1/2 in Massachusetts. These propositions freeze property taxes, which are a major source of funding for public schools. As a result, in twenty years California drops from first in the nation in per-student spending in 1978 to number 43 in 1998. 1980s The federal Tribal Colleges Act establishes a community college on every Indian reservation, which allows young people to go to college without leaving their families. 1994 Proposition 187 passes in California, making it illegal for children of undocumented immigrants to attend public school. Federal courts hold Proposition 187 unconstitutional, but anti-immigrant feeling spreads across the country. Resources: Applied Research Center 2012, Historical Timeline of Public Education in the US Retrieved from: http://www. arc. rg/content/view/100/217/ Gaither, M. 2011 History of American Education Chapters two through eight of book Retrieved from https://content. ashford. edu/books/AUHIS324. 11. 1/ Morgan A Time Rime, Influential Events in the History of American Education Retrieved from: http://timerime. com/en/event/1386863/Latin+Grammar+School/ Sass, Edmund @ College of Saint Benedict/Saint John’s University American Educational History: A Hypertext Timeline 2013 Retrieved from: http://www. eds-resources. com/educationhistorytimeline. html How to cite Timeline of Education, Papers

Sole Purpose of Women in Othello Essay Example For Students

Sole Purpose of Women in Othello Essay The sole purpose of women in the play is to highlight the struggles of the male characters The sole purpose of women in ‘Othello’ is not to highlight the struggles of male characters, but in fact I feel it’s much the opposite. There is a strong emphasis on women as possessions and the idea that women are submissive. The three women in the play -Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca are rejected by their respective partners. In a modern reading, we can deconstruct the play to understand that the struggles of women seem to be highlighted; strongly aided by the male counterparts which drives the women to form a closer relationship with each other. In doing this, the portrayal of the male characters to a 21st century audience would seem somewhat pessimistic. Yet when we consider the time in which it was written, these were the social norms. Shakespeare has unconsciously positioned his audience over time to draw attention to the struggles of women, particularly through a feminist reading. Othello’s portrayal of women is that of a piece of property. The metaphor in the line â€Å"come my dear love, the purchase has been made, the fruits ensue† describes marriage as an act of purchase; the woman as the piece of property. Here it is suggested that a woman is bought by her husband and expected to fulfil his sexual needs without any feeling of emotion attached. Further emphasis is made in regards to performing sexual tasks in imagery similar to food consumption when Emilia says to Desdemona, â€Å"They are all but stomachs, and we are all but food/ They eat us hungerly and when they are full they belch us†. Emilia is expressing that women are used emotionally and sexually by their male partners, being defined by male’s sexual access to them. This reiterates the idea of women as male possessions and the feelings of emotional rejection associated with it. Despite the fact that the women of Othello are so submissive, they are rejected by their male partner. Society weighs heavily on the shoulders of these women; they feel that they must support the men and always act obedient, even if the actions of the men are questionable. In the line, â€Å"Your napkin is too little† we see Othello rejecting Desdemona’s act of kindness towards her husband. Notably, she does not seem fazed by his rudeness and rejection and replies with â€Å"I am sorry that you are not well. The symbolism associated with the handkerchief represents virginity and fidelity. It is also a symbol of Othello’s love for Desdemona. By dismissing the handkerchief because it is ‘too little’, suggests Othello’s diminishing love towards his wife because of her supposed infidelities. Here the audience is positioned to empathis e with Desdemona and to abhor to Othello’s quick judgement of character. Resulting from the feeling of rejection the women receive from their husbands, they start to form a closer bond with each other. Emilia begins to show genuine concern for Desdemona’s problems with Othello in Act 4, but once again Desdemona is portrayed as submissive when she tells Emilia that even when Othello is angry with her, she still finds â€Å"grace and favour. † The prolonged obedience demonstrates the inherent struggle women face to uphold the Venetian society values. Desdemona is unconscious in her act of obedience, to the fact that has little control over her life. She is always trying to please Othello despite the way he undermines her loyalty. The use of black and white imagery in the play helps to emphasis Desdemona’s innocence and Othello’s growing iniquity. When Othello says, â€Å"So I will turn her virtue into pitch† it suggests the stereotypes of whiteness as pure and virginal as opposed to black as corrupt and evil. In doing so, he positions himself as an outsider because he is corrupting her pureness just by being her husband. Desdemona, blind to this fact, continues to serve him well whilst the audience is exposed to Othello’s lack of trust in his wife and increasingly corrupt nature. .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba , .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba .postImageUrl , .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba , .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba:hover , .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba:visited , .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba:active { border:0!important; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba:active , .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Etymology of Court EssayThis then drives Desdemona to confide in Emilia as she notices differences in her husband’s behaviour. Highlighting woman’s struggle, Shakespeare uses dramatic irony. For example, the audience knows that Iago is manipulating Othello and that Othello plans to murder Desdemona. â€Å"With as little web as this, I will ensnare as great a fly as Cassio. † This simile in Iago’s soliloquy suggests intent, putting the audience in the know. The reference to animal imagery, the ‘web’ refers to a web of lies and deceit. Furthermore, associating Cassio with a ‘fly’ implies his irrelevance to Iago. The use of animal imagery foregrounds Iago’s predatory nature as he often uses images to plant ideas in other characters head, to further his own plans – leading to Othello’s downfall. The use of dramatic irony positions the audience to empathise with Desdemona as it foregrounds her undervalued character as Iago does not feel bad for using her as a tool in which he manipulates Othello for his own revenge. This in turn suggests an element of women’s worthlessness and the struggle to be independent and respected as a human being. In conclusion, the sole purpose of women in the play is to highlight the values of Venetian society through a male perspective and as such, draw attention to the struggles of women who are expected to be male’s sexual property, submissive and worthless. Of course, this reading of the play would not have been valid during Shakespeare’s time, and in saying this, was not Shakespeare’s initial intent. However, as society has changed, a contemporary feminist reading can gather the conclusion that males took women foregranted and had little genuine respect towards them.