Antibacterial Properties of Compounds from S. Frutescens

Antibacterial Properties of Compounds from S. Frutescens Kabir Prema Presentation Method of reasoning There are roughly 6.1 million individuals living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome in South Africa (Unaids.org, 2014). Individuals with HIV/Aids have a higher danger of getting optional contaminations and illnesses, for example, Tuberculosis, which is the reason for some passings in South Africa (Tbfacts.org, 2014). About 5.5 million individuals in South Africa are contaminated with Tuberculosis (Salim S. Abdool Karim, 2009). I have decided to research and examination on the Sutherlandia frutescens in light of the fact that it has hostile to bacterial and against HIV properties (Katerere and Eloff, 2014). I additionally have an unmistakable fascination for elective prescriptions so investigating and testing a plant with numerous differing properties, for example, S. frutescens will be a fascinating and productive experience for me. Speculation Mixes extricated from S. frutescens have antibacterial properties. Point: To test three extraction strategies (water, ethanol and CH3)2CO) on S. frutescens, to see which strategy will have the best enemy of bacterial properties on two distinct strains of microorganisms (E. coli, S. epidermidis). Exploration and Experimental Methodology: For this task I will depend on optional exploration. Which incorporates research articles and data from sites on the S. frutescens, extraction strategies for antibacterial mixes and measurements with respect to explicit maladies influencing South Africa. I will likewise be doing essential exploration, for example, utilizing diverse extraction techniques to extricate the antibacterial mixes from S. frutescens. I will testing the concentrates on two unique strains of microscopic organisms. Confinements The confinements that I would look in my examination errand would be the dependability of the exploration articles I utilized with respect to the S.frutescens. The strains of microbes that I’m utilizing are destructive to people. Audit of Literature Source 1: Title: An audit of the scientific categorization, ethnobotany, science and pharmacology of Sutherlandia frutescens (Fabaceae). Creators: B-E. van Wyk, C. Albrecht Year of distribution: 2008 Outline: The article is a survey of a wide range of articles on S. frutescens. The article centers around the science and ethnopharmacology of S. frutescens. It names the afflictions that S. frutescens is utilized to treat illnesses, for example, urinary tract diseases and HIV. It’s likewise utilized as an antibacterial and mitigating. Its has been demonstrated that S. frutescens has been broadly utilized as a medicine by different gatherings in South Africa especially the in the Western Cape. Legitimacy: This article is survey of a wide range of articles and the vast majority of theâ information is gotten from different articles concerning S. frutescens and its properties and employments. Unwavering quality: This article is from the Journal of Ethnopharmacology, which is distributed on the diary distributing site elsevier.com. The diary was likewise inspected by a leading body of editors from manyâ different nations. Proof use to help end: The leaves of the Sutherlandia frutescens have antibacterial properties. Ongoing examinations on this plant have for the most part centered around the counter disease, against HIV, hostile to diabetic, mitigating, against oxidant, pain relieving and antibacterial exercises. Value: The article depicts the numerous utilizations and properties of S. frutescens, for example, it’s antibacterial properties, it’s mitigating and its enemy of HIV properties. The article additionally goes over the numerous employments of S. frutescens ov Confinements: The article doesn’t expand on much on the antibacterial exercises of S.frutescens The article doesn’t show strategies for removing S.frutescens. Creator Credentials: B-E. van Wyk is an educator at the Universityâ of Johannesburg and instructs undergrad plant taxonomy,â postgraduate scientific categorization, systematics, chemosystematics of Africanâ plant families, clinical plant science and ethnobotany. Source 2: Title: Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Sutherlandia frutescens (Fabaceae), A Reputed Anti-HIV/AIDS Phytomedicine Creators: David R. Katerere†and Jacobus N. Eloff* Year of distribution: 2005 Rundown: The article depicts the extraction strategies that were utilized to remove S.frutescens The article likewise portrays the how the various concentrates where tried on various strains of microscopic organisms. The article is about the antibacterial and cancer prevention agent movement of S.frutescens. The second strategy for extraction created a more prominent yield than the primary technique for extraction. Legitimacy: The primary extraction technique utilized five grams of a monetarily accessible leaf test of Sutherlandia frutescens (Sutherlandia/Unweleâ ®). The Sutherlandia frutescens (Sutherlandia/Unweleâ ®) test was continuously extricated multiple times utilizing various substances, first with Hexane (coded SF-H), at that point by dichloromethane (DCM) (SF-D), at that point by CH3)2CO (SF-A) lastly by ethylacetate (SF-E). The subsequent strategy comprised of parting a leaf test of a Sutherlandia frutescens into three bits gauging 5g each. The segments where divides where removed independently twice with CH3)2CO, ethanol and water. Each concentrate was then dried utilizing a rotating evaporator and gauged. The watery concentrate was then freeze dried. Unwavering quality: S, frutescens was removed utilizing two diverse extraction techniques. Proof use to help end: The all out yield of every one of the four solvents in the principal strategy for extraction was 10.5%. In the second extraction technique, CH3)2CO extricated 5.6%. Ethanol removed 12.6% while eater extricated 17.2%. Convenience: It’s valuable as it offers techniques to remove the dynamic ingredientâ from the plant. Restrictions: The article doesn’t give a testing technique that I can without much of a stretch perform at school. Author’s Credentials David R. Katerere†: Specialist Scientist at SA MRC, Visitingâ scientist at Scynexis, visiting researcher at UNINA, trainee Pharmacist at Drug Tech Pharmacy, Chief Bioanalyst at PAREXEL, Postdoc at University of Pretoria Jacobus N. Eloff*: Gold Medal for Science for Society Academy for Science of South Africa (September 2012), Goldâ medal of the South African Academy for Science and Art isâ awarded for Scientific and Technological Achievement, Bronzeâ medal from the International Horticultural Society (Decemberâ 2008) in acknowledgment of the sorting out the World Conference on Medical and Aromatic Plants. Source 3: Title: Five Ochna species have high antibacterial action and moreâ than ten antibacterial mixes Creators: Tshepiso J. Makhafola1 Jacobus N. Eloff1 Year of distribution: 2011 Outline: The article is about the antibacterial exercises of five Ochna species. Leaf tests where extricated utilizing various mediums from the leaf. The concentrates were tried against different strains of microscopic organisms. Legitimacy: The dried leaf powder was extricated with 20mL of CH3)2CO. The arrangement was then shaken in 50 mL axis tubes andâ centrifuged for 15 minutes at 4000 rpm. The concentrates wereâ decanted through into glass vials through channel papers and theâ solution was concentrated to dryness with a surge of cold air. Just perfect and dry leaves were chosen, the chose leaves had no imperfections or earth. The leaves were not washed with water as the water would conceivably extricate some water-solvent mixes, and to constrain the posibilty of contagious development on the leaves because of the dampness left on a superficial level because of the water. The leaves were dried at room temperature in obscurity. The leaves were then made into a fine powder, with the particles being under 1 mm in distance across. The leaves were then put away in fixed glass bottles in obscurity to decrease concoction changes in the mixes present in the leaves. Unwavering quality: There were no contending intrigues the article. Proof use to help end: The rate yield in CH3)2CO between the five species was: O. gamostigmata (8%), trailed by O. pulchdra, (7.5%), O. serullata (7%) O. pretorienses and O. natalitia ((2.5%) Helpfulness: This article shows distinctive extraction techniques and it likewise givesâ a proposal to which extraction strategy and dissolvable workedâ the best to remove the specific mixes. It gives detailedâ images, tables and diagrams which makes it simpler to see the dataâ that was gathered. Impediments: Just gives data about on sort of plant (Ochna) and there is no data of S. frutescens. Author’s Credentials Kobus (Jacobus N) Eloff: Gold Medal for Science for Society, Eskom grant for limit improvement, Gold decoration of the South African Academy for Science and Art is granted for Scientificâ and Technological Achievement, Gold Medal for Botany Tshepiso Makhafola: Attended the University of Pretoria fromâ 2008-2010. He has aptitudes and mastery in research, molecularâ biology and biotechnology. Source 4: Title: Impact of Sutherlandia frutescens separates on cellâ numbers, morphology and quality articulation in MCF-7â cells Creators: B.A. Standera, S. Maraisa, T.J. Steynberga, D. Theronb, F. Joubertc, C. Albrechtdâ and A.M. Jouberta Year of distribution: 2007 Rundown: The article is about the impact of S.frutescens on cell numbers, morphology and quality articulation in MCF-7 cells. An extraction was made our of little twogs and leaves, the arrangement was then sifted. It was shown that ethanolic concentrates of S. frutescens repressed duplicating of MCF-7 mammary adenocarcinoma cells. Legitimacy: Dulbeccos least fundamental medium bird (DMEM) with Glutamaxâ„ ¢ (Gibco BRL, USA) †¢ Trypsinâ€EDTA †¢ Crystal violet DNA stain was utilized to decide theâ number of cells. (Spectrophotometrically) †¢ Heat inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS) was utilized toâ culture the MCF †7 human bosom cell line. †¢ Penicillin was utilized to culture the MCF †7 humanâ breast cel

The Rule of St. Benedict and Beowulf books Essay

The Rule of St. Benedict and Beowulf books - Essay Example The Rule of St. Benedict was composed when the world was desolated by incredible political and monetary change achieved by fighting. It was during this time there was tremendous mayhem and difficulty and there was no coordinated network at all. Indeed, even the priests and recluses spent their lives in little cells, cabins or gives in with deliberate hard thoroughness. The greater part of them lived on bread-outside layers, enjoyed self-lashing for a considerable length of time together. Holy person Benedict comprehended that such living was not beneficial for network living and consequently changed the current guidelines to improve life much. The most significant thing he did was to apportion explicit time for various exercises. He isolated the Pg. multi day by saving time for work, supplication, study, unwinding and rest individually. This game plan was fairly inventive and all around acknowledged all around since it made life a lot simpler to lead even while making a decent networ k environment by realizing request in their day by day lives. A perfect ruler consistently needs the best for his subjects and considering the magnum opus he offered his subjects, there is no uncertainty that St. Benedict could be called a perfect ruler since he had the benefit of his kin on the most fundamental level. As a decent ruler he was answerable for achieving harmony and amicability through network life by discharging his kin from the subjugation of difficulty and disorder. Despite the fact that Benedict was a priest himself, he was not an unbending drill sergeant who punished his subjects. Indeed, in his book he expresses that these principles were ‘nothing unforgiving, nothing burdensome.’ (St. Benedict ( 1998) On the other hand, he was a concerned pioneer who needed to achieve request and harmony in his condition. Benedict’s rule is a basic and significant manual for us in this contemporary society since it frames the premise of request and structure in our day by day lives. Benedict’s vision of request was planned for bringing individuals a lot nearer to God. As indicated by Benedict, all people are equivalent before God and in this way equity inside a network establishes the framework for otherworldliness and attracting individuals closer to the Divine. Benedict’s rules have extraordinary hugeness and Pg. 3 pertinence in today’s society as it keeps on helping us keep up request and control in our lives. Beowulf is in sharp differentiation to ‘The Rule of St. Benedict’ on the grounds that it is an account that includes both truth and fiction. It is a blend of pictures of individuals and animals who are less human and involves both parody and disaster. Written in the early piece of the tenth century A.D. Beowulf is probably the most established epic in British writing that has figured out how to endure. Directly a house wood British library in London, Beowulf portrays the intriguing undertakings of a notable Scandinavian warrior having a place with the sixth century. While ‘The Rule of St. Benedict’ depends on real proof of genuine individuals inside a genuine domain, ‘Beowulf’ depends on certainty just as fiction to communicate the considerations and thoughts of its creator. All through the story, the creator talks about the relatives of every warrior, the victories they battled and the way wherein they lost their lives, yet continually keeps nearness with the Divine and communicating that God is ever present and is a comfort and manual for humankind. One such warrior was Shield who however was a vagrant, shut down numerous foes and dealt with his kin like a decent lord. This thought of a decent ruler is

Obstacles in the Facilitation of Critical Thinking in Nursing students Research Paper

Obstructions in the Facilitation of Critical Thinking in Nursing understudies in Jeddah - Research Paper Example Nursing understudies should be prepared and presented satisfactorily to the basic speculation process as a major aspect of nursing schedules and instructional method. A writing survey of the works in the territory of basic reasoning has hurled numerous issues. This paper analyzes: what Is basic reasoning; basic speculation varying in the nursing calling; methodologies to encourage basic reasoning; procedures that can be utilized by instructors to enable the understudies to recognize and move their presumptions and boundaries to basic reasoning. This paper likewise looks to deliver the different obstructions to basic reasoning procedure being looked by a populace of nursing calling understudies at King Abul Aziz University in Jeddah. This is finished by triangulation strategy sending the quantitative investigation and subjective examination of the gathered information. Quantitative information has been gathered by means of an organized survey directed to nursing understudies and subje ctive information is gathered from littler subgroups of both nursing understudies and staff. The consequences of the examinations are utilized to shape discoveries and proposals. Improving basic deduction among understudy medical caretakers is a typical worry of nursing training. At any rate one past examination is realized which wandered into testing the procedures to defeat snags in the help of basic speculation in nursing instruction (Mangena and Chabeli, 2005). The discoveries of this examination showed that there is a requirement for nurture instructors to demonstrate basic intuition in all parts of nursing training. Proposals recommended a whole change in perspective in nursing instruction from the customary educator focused strategies to a more student focused methodology that will encourage basic considering understudy medical caretakers. Drawing from this investigation this examination venture would test the theory that a change in perspective in nursing training from the customary educator focused strategies to a more student focused methodology.

Of the inspector create dramatic Essay Example For Students

Of the reviewer make sensational Essay In act 1 of a reviewer considers Priestly uses the assessor as a sensational gadget to impact the degrees of strain in front of an audience. This is accomplished through his appearance, technique for addressing and the responses he incites in different characters. The play opens in a positive, family get-together air, however we sense dubious pressures between Sheila Birling and her fianc. Sheila-with the exception of all the previous summer when you never drew close to me and I thought about what had befallen you. This infers Sheila doesn't totally trust Gerald, which expands the strain in front of an audience as this remark in an evening gathering would cause individuals to feel cumbersome and uncomfortable. Holy Reveals strain inside the Birling family preceding the monitors appearance with the utilization of emotional incongruity; Birling-the Titanic she cruises one week from now forty 6,000 800 tons New York in five days-and each extravagance and resilient. We will compose a custom article on Of the examiner make sensational explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The way Birling carries on as though he knows it all yet as this play is set in 1912 however created in 1945, the crowd watching it now has a favorable position as they are in front of the occasions so to talk and they realize that the Titanic would sink. The examiners appearance builds strain with a visual effect utilizing lighting impacts. At the point when the investigator enters the lighting changes making a dim baffling environment along these lines expanding the pressure. Mr. Birlings introductory response additionally makes pressure as well; Birling (after an interruption with a bit of anxiety) well, what is it at that point? I think it runs over that Mr. Birling was the huge resilient man of the family unit and what he says goes however now this strong assessor shows up and stands to undermine him, which features a strained defenselessness in Birlings character. The manner by which the Inspector addresses different characters additionally makes pressure. Simply in light of the fact that the examiner is secretive and carries a creepy climate to the phase in the accompanying manners; (he talks cautiously, weightily, and has an unsettling propensity for taking a gander at the individual he addresses before really) He likewise meets the characters independently managing each line of enquiry in turn, which makes it progressively proficient as though they were being met at the station regardless of it being a home visit. The examiner likewise questions the characters all together with the chain of occasions. It additionally makes the crowd dubious why he converses with each individual in turn. In Birlings cross examination he assists with unwinding the plot. He recognizes his contribution in the chain of occasions yet rejects obligation to Eva Smiths real demise. At the point when he is addressed while Eric and Gerald are available, the weight on Mr. Birling appears to mount up as he is attempting to smoothly show that he is honest. He unexpectedly can't bear it any longer and has an upheaval of restlessness; look-theres nothing puzzling or shameful about this business at any rate not to the extent Im concerned. Its a flawlessly straight forward case.. Nothing whatever to do with the pitiable young ladies self destruction This discourse showed that hes not short of attempting to move the fault on another person e. g. not to the extent Im concerned. Additionally under cross examination Birling shows his genuine nature; well assessor, I dont see that its any worry of yours how I decide to maintain my business. Is it now? By scrutinizing the assessor in this impolite tone we see that Mr Birling is extremely narrow minded and presumptuous and can't stand the way that the reviewer is correct. It is now we have a conflict of characters. .u34ef5fcbfe06a79e039628cac64661a3 , .u34ef5fcbfe06a79e039628cac64661a3 .postImageUrl , .u34ef5fcbfe06a79e039628cac64661a3 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u34ef5fcbfe06a79e039628cac64661a3 , .u34ef5fcbfe06a79e039628cac64661a3:hover , .u34ef5fcbfe06a79e039628cac64661a3:visited , .u34ef5fcbfe06a79e039628cac64661a3:active { border:0!important; } .u34ef5fcbfe06a79e039628cac64661a3 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u34ef5fcbfe06a79e039628cac64661a3 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u34ef5fcbfe06a79e039628cac64661a3:active , .u34ef5fcbfe06a79e039628cac64661a3:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u34ef5fcbfe06a79e039628cac64661a3 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u34ef5fcbfe06a79e039628cac64661a3 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u34ef5fcbfe06a79e039628cac64661a3 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u34ef5fcbfe06a79e039628cac64661a3 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u34ef5fcbfe06a79e039628cac64661a3:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u34ef5fcbfe0 6a79e039628cac64661a3 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u34ef5fcbfe06a79e039628cac64661a3-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u34ef5fcbfe06a79e039628cac64661a3:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: An Exploration of Humor in Twelfth Night EssayThe assessor endeavors to cause him to acknowledge the obligation of his activities while Mr Birling is doing the direct inverse by scrutinizing the reviewer and attempting to accuse others. Birlings response makes strain since he is so eager and his entire mentality contrasts against that of the assessors. Sheilas reaction to Eva Smiths passing is one of only a handful hardly any promising things to come out of the play. She is really disturbed when she knows about the self destruction and gains from her own conduct. Dissimilar to her dad she is exceptionally bothered by the youn g ladies self destruction; Sheila gracious how repulsive! While Birling interferes with the overseer; Birling (rather fretfully) indeed, yes. Repulsive business yet I dont comprehend why you should come here. When Sheila uncovers her association with the chain of occasions she promptly concurs that she acted gravely and demands that she never implied the young lady any mischief. This complexities to her dads words and features the distinction in demeanor between the two ages. Sheila additionally seems quick to change her conduct later on, Ill never, never do it again though her dad doesn't show any lament or regret. Before the assessor cross examines Gerald, he has a private visit with Sheila; Gerald-so-for divine beings purpose dont express anything to the reviewer. From this the crowd discovers that Gerald is subtle and insidious. This tricky remark makes the crowd question that maybe Gerald infact has a huge impact in the self destruction of Eva smith/daisy Renton. He realizes that the assessor has figured out how to get everybody to admit their contribution though he is attempting to avoid everything, keep his hands clean in a manner of speaking. Be that as it may, he can't go unnoticed as the demonstration closes with a charming inquiry to Gerald from the investigator well? this elevates the strain as Gerald knows now there will never be a way out, he will need to admit. All through the play religious utilizes the overseer to control the strain levels in front of an audience. He effectively controls the characters and the crowd so as to cause us to think about society, our own activities and our duty towards each other inside our locale.

adult education Essay Example

grown-up training Essay Example grown-up training Essay grown-up training Essay Grown-up training is the procedure whereby grown-ups take part in precise and supported learning exercises so as to increase new types of information, aptitudes, perspectives, or qualities. Grown-up instruction can occur in the working environment, through augmentation school (e. g. , Harvard Extension) or school of proceeding with instruction (e. g. , Columbia School of Continuing Education). Other learning places incorporate junior colleges, people secondary schools, schools and colleges, libraries, and deep rooted learning habitats. The training may likewise incorporate Training and Development which is regularly connected with rofessional improvement. Grown-up instruction has likewise been alluded to as andragogy (to recognize it from teaching method). Instructing grown-ups contrasts from teaching youngsters in a few different ways. One of the most significant contrasts is that grown-ups have amassed information and work experience which can add to the learning experience. Another distinction is that most grown-up training is deliberate, subsequently, the members are commonly self-propelled. Grown-ups oftentimes apply their insight in a useful style to adapt adequately. They should have a sensible desire that the nowledge they increase will assist them with promoting their objectives. For instance, during the 1990s, numerous grown-ups, including for the most part office laborers, took on PC instructional classes. These courses would show essential utilization of the working framework or explicit application programming. Because of the way that the reflections administering the clients cooperations with a PC were so new, numerous individuals who had been working salaried occupations for a long time or all the more in the long run took such instructional classes, either at their own impulse (to pick up PC aptitudes and therefore gain more significant compensation) or at the command of their directors. In the United States, a progressively broad model is when grown-ups who dropped out of secondary school come back to class to finish general instruction prerequisites. Most upwardly portable positions require at any rate a secondary school recognition or identical. A working grown-up is probably not going to have the opportunity to just stop their Job and return to class full-time. Government funded educational systems and junior colleges generally offer night or end of the week classes thus. In Europe this is regularly alluded to as additional opportunity, and numerous schools offer customized courses and learning programs for these bringing learners back.

Puppy School for Misbehaving Authors

Puppy School for Misbehaving Authors The lives of literary publicists have gotten so much harder in recent years. Where once the biggest threat to an authors public persona was a few too many tipples of scotch before a dip into the fanmail pile, now every author has a Twitter account and a Facebook account and a Goodreads account, and theyre all doing near-constant press, and people are asking them their opinions well, things have started to get out of hand. But now theres a solution, and youve found it: beleaguered publicists can send their  writers to us here at Puppy School for Authors, where we can housebreak even the most outrageous offenders. Id be happy to take you on a tour of the grounds but oh, Im sorry. Can you excuse me for one minute? MR. GRISHAM. NO. Im sorry, where were we? Oh. That. Yes. Well, we dont rely on corporal punishment here, but a rolled up newspaper across the nose can do wonders when a certain someone starts to share his opinions on child molestation. (Angela, make sure Mr. Grisham doesnt get a treat this afternoon.) Anyway, as I was saying. Authors live here in this residential facility for as long as it takes them to rehabilitate; some treatment plans are as short as two weeks! And they dont even always notice youve dropped them off. Our grounds are quite extensive, which is a good thing because this week has been a particularly busy one and goodness, this is embarrassing, but could you hang on one second? ANGELA. Who gave Ms. Hale her keys? No. No no no. Luckily we already syphoned the gasoline from her car but could you go after her, please? Id like her to not be shocked by the invisible fence. Again. And you know, she still has that poor womans address and we really cant afford another escape after  all of Orson Scott Cards relapses. We just cant handle the bad press right now. I am sorry for that. You know, you might be wondering about references. I can honestly say that weve had our fair share of successes. Remember Mr. Gilmour? No? Well good, that means our training has stuck. His sexist, racist diatribe was a year ago and he has successfully kept his mouth shut in the intervening months. In fact, Keeping Your Mouth Shut 101 is one of our most popular outpatient workshops, and its a good place to start if youre worried your author wont respond well to inpatient treatment, though admission still remains the best chance for success as it enables us to disable their Facebook, Twitter, and Goodreads accounts. Ms. Rice, for example, refuses to check in, and every time she finds her Facebook password again Well. One day at a time. Now. If youll excuse me, when Angela comes back from tackling Ms. Hale and disciplining Mr. Grisham, she can walk you through the admissions process. In the meantime, I have to attend to one of our most difficult, chronic patients. Shes a smart woman, but she just says the worst Yes, yes, Ms. Oates. Yes. Im on my way. Thank you for your interest in our program. I look forward to meeting your author.

Business Report Abercrombie and Fitch - Free Essay Example

Abstract Factors such as economic issues affect the business and its marketing strategies. The company recognizes there is a strong competition from other competitor within the industry; therefore it is crucial to improve its financial performance. Inflation and unemployment caused by the economic recession has affected the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance. Organizations seek to increase overall profitability and performance, which lead to the introduction of performance management concept. Aiming at increasing employee productivity and output in the organization. The company is able to invest in ways that have more positive strategic impacts such as providing some services for the betterment of the community in which it operates. The rate of unemployment has been reducing over the recent periods, and third quarter of 2012 recorded reduction of unemployment levels. 1.0 Introduction Abercrombie Fitch is a company that operates in the clothing industry. The company provides clothing products to people around the world. The performance of the company has elevated over the years having opened more stores in the United States (Plantes Finfrock 2009). It has been able to increase its financial performance due to its high product quality and corporate image and its marketing campaigns, which involves seasonal campaign. The macroeconomic factors have affected Abercrombie Fitch Co. since the recession, but the company has been able to improve significantly on its financial performance (Smither London 2010). This paper aims at discussing the effects of the macroeconomic factors on the performance of Abercrombie Fitch Co. 1.1 Abercrombie Fitch Co stock market share Revenue ($m) Pre-tax ($m) EPS P/E PEG EPS Grth. Div Yield 31-Jan-09 3,484.06 509.64 355.00 ¢ 5.0 n/a -35% 70.00 ¢ 3.9% 30-Jan-10 2,928.63 119.51 90.00 ¢ 35.0 n/a -75% 70.00 ¢ 2.2% 29-Jan-11 3,468.78 228.57 171.00 ¢ 28.3 0.3 +90% 70.00 ¢ 1.4% 28-Jan-12 4,158.06 217.81 165.00 ¢ 28.6 n/a -4% 70.00 ¢ 1.5% 02-Feb-13 4,510.81 366.95 289.00 ¢ 17.7 0.2 +75% 70.00 ¢ 1.4% Source: (ANF 2013) From the above table and chart, it can be observed that Abercrombie Fitch Co. has been increasing its stock market share. 2.0 Abercrombie Fitch Co Financial Performance The international trade and investment has been on its recovery path and this has led to increased financial performance (Parikh Gupta 2010). Inflation is one of the macroeconomic factors that have great influence on the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s growth. Economic decisions that are being made at the macroeconomic level are influenced by stability of the general economic environment. They normally benefit from the stable economic state and stable inflationary environment favors economic decisions being made (Lamb, Hair McDaniel 2012). Low rates of inflation are normally favorable and can easily be managed. On the other hand, high changes in inflation rates will be problematic and are likely to adversely affect the economy. In the modern economic environment, the price levels are very critical when it comes to production and investment decisions. High inflation implies high prices and lower real incomes for people with fixed incomes, those with power to raise the high prices ar e not affected the same way as those who are not able. Inflation, however, is not an altogether evil concept in the economy; this is because it can be used to minimize unemployment (Harold Weihrich 2010). Economies cannot be always predicted; they fluctuate from period to period. Activities in the business most of the time leads to reduction in aggregate demand. As the aggregate demand falls, output and employment falls, these are negative impacts on the economy since the actual output is less than the potential output (Dwivedi, 2010). If the aggregate demand is low, it can be altered in the short-run by formulating policies like increasing government spending, cutting taxes or increasing the supply of money. The opposite will be the alternative if aggregate demand is high in the economy (Jha 2008). 2.1 Abercrombie Fitch Co Income statement The company has been performing well in the market taking into consideration the effects that were brought by the 2008 recession. Its profits have been adversely increasing as it has sort new markets that provide a lot of income to the company. Source: (ANF 2013) The company has been faced with various economic challenges such as reduced manufacturing output and continued increase in unemployment. However, the growth in the GDP is considerably strong since the growth is at a lively pace and it might help to solve the problems of a country. The current recovery remains stable, and problems such as high rates of unemployment may be able to get quick solutions (Nattrass, Wakeford Muradzikwa 2010). The company has been improving its revenues since year 2009 as can be seen below. Abercrombie Fitch Co. has been financing its operations to ensure better performance in the financial markets. The economic factors have been affecting the company, but the company has outsourced it s operations to ensure good performance. Below is the annual cash flow of Abercrombie Fitch Co. 2.2 Annual cash flow of Abercrombie Fitch Co Source: (ANF 2013) Some short-term fluctuations in the economy increase the level of unemployment. It is normally prevalent during hard economic times such as the 2008 and 2009 recession (Van 2010). In cases where unemployment occurs for a longer period of time, some productive resources are not used. This causes economic growth to slow down. On the other hand, when the unemployment levels drop or a country is moving towards full employment, the available resources are fully utilized (Carroll Buchholtz 2012). The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s annual balance sheet shows that the total assets of the company are high and its debts are low. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assets have increased as a result of quality improvement in the company. Source: (ANF 2013) The company should take advantage of its strengths to establish some strategies that will increase its financial performance. It should also reduce the weaknesses for better performance. There are also external op portunities that the company needs to use for its success (Dwivedi, 2010). Its strengths have been its ability to ensure that its employees are aligned with the responsibilities they are supposed to take. This has enabled the employees to be accountable when they do not achieve what they are supposed to achieve. The company has a strong sales department, delivers superior products and services, large economies of scale, and good relationships with its clients (Pulakos, 2013). The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s weakness is that it uses a lot of money in advertising expenses, and also after the crisis, it had a lot of financial problems that included high rates of unemployment and high rates of inflation (Van, 2010). Though the rate of recovery is less than desirable, a positive economic growth is an indicator of a productive economy in the near future. Usually unemployment will start declining after other economic indicators have turned positive (Shim Siegel 2012). Economists have tr ied to explain the reason why unemployment rate is always the last economic indicator to revert upwards after the end of a recession. During recession, firms usually operate below their usual rate of production, thus many of the workersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ productivity may be below the normal level. When the economy picks up the productivity, firms will certainly rise without hiring new employees; it will rely on the rising output of the formerly underutilized workers. Hiring of new employees will take place when the present labor force reaches its optimum productivity (Harold Weihrich 2010). The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s recognition of its customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs and provision of quality goods has enabled it to perform well. These are strengths that have enabled the company to perform well in the market (Mukherjee Kumar 2005). 3.0 Conclusion and recommendation Financial performance and good socially responsible performance tend to depend on one another. In one hand, companies with good financial standing have the necessary resources to invest in socially responsible activities. They are able to invest in ways that have more positive strategic impact such as providing some services for the betterment of the community in which it operates and providing for the welfare of their employees. Through improved image, the company will be able to attract employees with better skills necessary for improvement of the organizational performance. Good financial performance depends on the socially responsible performance. This is because socially responsible companies have an enhanced brand image and good reputation among the consumers. Therefore, socially responsible corporate performance contributes to the bottom line benefits and improves financial performance. The company has been recovering at a slow pace from the economic meltdown, and one of the areas that have experienced some level of growth is employment. The rate of unemployment has been reducing over the recent periods and third quarter of 2012 recorded reduction of unemployment levels. The macroeconomic factors have affected Abercrombie Fitch Co. since the recession, but the company has been able to improve significantly in its financial performance. Bibliography ANF(2013). Abercrombie Fitch Co., viewed 11 February 2014, https://finance?q=NYSE%3AANFfstype=iiei=0lv6UsiCIcKTwQPp0AE Dwivedi, DN 2010, Macroeconomics: Theory and policy, Tata McGraw Hill Education Pte Ltd., New Delhi. Harold, K Weihrich, H 2010, Essentials of management : an international perspective, Tata New Delhi, McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. Jha, R 2008, Contemporary macroeconomic theory and policy, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi. Lamb, CW, Hair, JF McDaniel, CD 2012, Essentials of Marketing, South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason, Ohio. Mukherjee, S Kumar, S 2005, Organization and Management and Business Communication, New international Age Publisher, New Delhi. Nattrass, N, Wakeford, J Muradzikwa, S 2011, Macroeconomics: Theory and policy in Cape Town South Africa. Parikh, M Gupta, RK 2010, Organisational Behaviour, Tata McGraw Hill Education Pte. Ltd., New Delhi. Plantes, MK Finfrock, RD 2009, Beyond Price: Differentiate Your Company, In Ways That Really Matter, Greenleaf Book Group Press, Austin, TX. Pulakos, E 2004, Performance Management. A roadmap for Developing, Implementing and Evaluating performance Management Systems, Society for Human Resource Foundation, Alexandria. Shim, JK Siegel, JG 2012, Budgeting Basics and Beyond, Wiley Hoboken, N.J. Smither, JW London, M 2010, Performance management: Putting research into action, Wiley, San Francisco. Van, BH 2010, International finance and open-economy macroeconomics: Theory, history, and policy, World Scientific Singapore. Appendices Table 1: Abercrombie Fitch Co income statement Total In Millions of USD (except for per share items) 13 weeks ending 2013-11-02 26 weeks ending 2013-08-03 13 weeks ending 2013-05-04 14 weeks ending 2013-02-02 13 weeks ending 2012-10-27 Revenue 1,033.29 1,784.47 838.77 1,468.53 1,169.65 Other Revenue, Total Total Revenue 1,033.29 1,784.47 838.77 1,468.53 1,169.65 Cost of Revenue, Total 382.25 627.18 285.60 554.15 417.13 Gross Profit 651.04 1,157.29 553.17 914.38 752.51 Selling/General/Admin. Expenses, Total 696.26 1,157.27 567.90 699.49 620.32 Research Development Depreciation/Amortization Interest Expense(Income) Net Operating Unusual Expense (Income) Other Operating Expenses, Total -9.04 -6.67 0.58 -13.66 0.18 Total Operating Expense 1,068.66 1,779.22 852.69 1,239.98 1,036.30 Operating Income -35.37 5.24 -13.92 228.55 133.34 Interest Income(Expense), Net Non-Operating Gain (Loss) on Sale of Assets Other, Net -0.07 Income Before Tax -37.02 1.87 -15.55 225.48 131.76 Income After Tax -15.64 4.17 -7.20 147.00 84.04 Source: (ANF 2013) Table 2: The balance sheet In Millions of USD (except for per share items) As of 2013-11-02 As of 2013-08-03 As of 2013-05-04 As of 2013-02-02 As of 2012-10-27 Cash Equivalents 3.40 3.57 160.01 245.00 0.00 Short Term Investments 19.90 Cash and Short Term Investments 257.52 335.02 555.90 643.50 369.57 Accounts Receivable Trade, Net 86.73 92.89 91.30 99.62 91.41 Receivables Other Total Receivables, Net 86.73 92.89 91.30 99.62 91.41 Total Inventory 768.95 633.48 458.63 426.96 536.32 Prepaid Expenses Other Current Assets, Total 173.41 154.68 155.87 137.74 164.47 Total Current Assets 1,286.61 1,216.07 1,261.71 1,307.82 1,161.77 Property/Plant/Equipment, Total Gross 2,986.43 2,950.69 2,921.21 2,915.07 2,906.56 Accumulated Depreciation, Total -1,825.53 -1,697.85 -1,652.92 -1,606.84 -1,593.43 Goodwill, Net Intangibles, Net Long Term Investments 0.00 Other Long Term Assets, Total 404.88 373.93 365.02 371.35 374.55 Total Assets 2,852.40 2,842.84 2,895.01 2,987.40 2,849.45 Accounts Payable 185.44 195.73 146.24 140.40 165.39 Accrued Expenses 307.96 291.77 301.49 398.87 358.48 Notes Payable/Short Term Debt 15.00 15.00 15.00 0.00 60.00 Current Port. of LT Debt/Capital Leases Other Current liabilities, Total 95.18 76.73 70.78 151.54 113.92 Total Current Liabilities 603.58 579.23 533.51 690.80 697.79 Long Term Debt 123.75 127.50 131.25 0.00 Capital Lease Obligations 61.62 61.13 61.00 63.94 64.48 Total Long Term Debt 185.37 188.63 192.25 63.94 64.48 Total Debt 200.37 203.63 207.25 63.94 124.48 Deferred Income Tax Minority Interest Other Liabilities, Total 388.43 391.32 389.48 414.39 424.41 Total Liabilities 1,177.38 1,159.18 1,115.23 1,169.13 1,186.68 Redeemable Preferred Stock, Total Preferred Stock Non Redeemable, Net Common Stock, Total 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 Additional Paid-In Capital 425.93 410.41 403.82 403.27 390.41 Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) 2,505.45 2,536.50 2,542.77 2,567.26 2,366.67 Treasury Stock Common -1,240.87 -1,241.36 -1,146.79 -1,140.01 -1,088.93 Other Equity, Total -16.53 -22.92 -21.05 -13.29 -6.42 Total Equity 1,675.02 1,683.66 1,779.78 1,818.27 1,662.77 Total Liabilities Shareholders Equity 2,852.40 2,842.84 2,895.01 2,987.40 2,849.45 Shares Outs Common Stock Primary Issue Total Common Shares Outstanding 76.39 76.39 78.31 78.44 79.56 Source: (ANF 2013). Table 3: The cash flow statement In Millions of USD (except for per share items) 39 weeks ending 2013-11-02 26 weeks ending 2013-08-03 13 weeks ending 2013-05-04 53 weeks ending 2013-02-02 Net Income/Starting Line -11.48 4.17 -7.20 237.01 Depreciation/Depletion 180.61 120.31 59.46 224.25 Amortization Deferred Taxes -60.80 -26.23 -12.35 -21.54 Non-Cash Items 118.06 21.64 9.88 44.66 Changes in Working Capital -456.55 -328.62 -193.41 199.80 Cash from Operating Activities -230.16 -208.72 -143.63 684.17 Capital Expenditures -124.03 -81.23 -42.37 -339.86 Other Investing Cash Flow Items, Total -6.32 -5.31 -2.64 92.62 Cash from Investing Activities -130.35 -86.54 -45.01 -247.24 Financing Cash Flow Items 2.43 2.37 1.11 1.20 Total Cash Dividends Paid -46.64 -31.36 -15.69 -57.63 Issuance (Retirement) of Stock, Net -115.81 -115.61 -16.21 -318.99 Issuance (Retirement) of Debt, Net 137.94 138.74 139.06 -4.65 Cash from Financing Activities -22.08 -5.87 108.27 -380.07 Foreign Exchange Effects -3.39 -7.35 -7.24 3.15 Net Change in Cash -385.98 -308.48 -87.60 60.01 Cash Interest Paid, Supplemental Cash Taxes Paid, Supplemental 110.30 104.30 96.90 122.70 Source: (ANF 2013)

Comparing Baron D Holbach s View On Determinism

People believe that genuine freedom of choice is not always possible because our decisions and actions are determined by factors beyond our control. This view is known as Determinism. There is also an extreme form of determinism known as ‘hard determinism,’ in which they believe that every demeanor can be traced to a cause, although they may disagree about what those causes are. The idea of determinism poses a difficult issue to the concept of ‘free will’. Are we able to make free choices if all our thoughts and actions are predetermined by our own past and the physical laws of nature? Majority of us would like to believe that we have the freedom of will and are able to make decisions based on our own discretion but, I personally believe that the deterministic view holds true to a certain extent and that most of our actions are a result of a force that is beyond our comprehension. My purpose in this essay is to explain and critically analyze Baron d’H olbach’s view on determinism. The deterministic view has its strengths and weaknesses and some of the popular explanations of human behavior that exemplify the determinist view are human nature, the environment, psychological forces and social dynamics. The human nature is based on the view that our actions are a direct consequence from our inborn nature and whether we do good or evil in life is beyond our control and we cannot alter our fundamental character. The environment explains that behaviors are direct products of the

The Walking Tour And Information Session - 1926 Words

The walking tour and information session validated my feelings that I am now in control of my life -- I’m making my own decisions -- I am progressing. For many years of my life, I felt that I wasn t moving in a positive direction, I was constantly battling life, fighting to finish the day on a positive note. I was trying my best but couldn’t overcome the daily struggles. In school, I was always told that I should be doing better and that all I needed to do was apply myself, try harder. It is difficult to explain the feeling of â€Å"want† without the ability to â€Å"do†. I knew that there was something more than just my inability to complete homework on time or study sufficiently for a test. I had numerous meetings with teachers, advisors, and administration, leaving frustrated as they each fruitless. Each meeting, I left feeling more discouraged, with thoughts of weakness and failure. In light of my struggles, I decided to seek counseling. 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The Effects Of Caffeine On Human Brain And Body - 1825 Words

Caffeine is a drug that has been studied for many years to learn more about how it effects the human brain and body. There have been many answers and yet there are still more answers to be found as scientists today continue to understand the effects of caffeine. We will look what parts of the brain involve sleep, how caffeine effects the brain and the body and try to determine if caffeine is a serious health threat or not. Adenosine also known as ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate which according to Susha Cheriyedath in her article Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Function in Cells (2017) â€Å"ATP is the main source of energy for most cellular processes. The building blocks of ATP are carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus.† So,†¦show more content†¦It does so by helping us transition from being awake, to being asleep. 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Essay on Cinema Versus the Home Theater - 1006 Words

It seems that watching movies has become the most frequently mentioned pastime that is enjoyed by people from around the world. This is no surprise either, because everyone undeniably enjoys an experience when they can escape the daily reality for a little while, and fantasize about anything they wish or at least about what the movie being watched is offering. To live out these fantasies, two contrasting options are available; a trip to the cinema or staying at home. After a movie theater with its play-list is found, a movie is picked, and the trip is made, customers are faced with the almost certain minimum cost of $8.50 per person to get in. That means a family of four, would have to pay over $35 just for movie tickets. Once inside, if†¦show more content†¦Long available IMAX and now 3-D movies, offer an ever immersing movie picture with extra details, and will soon be the norm. 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It is statistically apparent that independent features are highly regardedRead MoreEssay about Imax Case Study5592 Words   |  23 PagesThe experience lasts for about 35 to 45 minutes per film. They use the world’s largest film format with the highest quality digital sound. The screens are about 80 feet wide and 60 feet tall. It is an experience on a life time. They have over 200 theaters in 22 countries in back in 1997 and have continued to expand. IMAX started by producing large films that were educational and entertaining. Its venues were in educational facilities, such as aquariums, national parks and museums. But becauseRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pagesindustry in America. We shall also examine how the system relates to the current production methods used in film making. The main issues raised within the text will be summarised concisely within the conclusion. Before a film reaches the cinema screen, and its audience it must go through a three stage process. Firstly and most obviously it has to be produced, following this it must then be distributed, and finally exhibited. Before the introduction of the studio system inRead MoreBlue Ocean Strategy6804 Words   |  28 PagesHandsome profits, speedy growth—and brand equity that lasts for decades while rivals scramble to catch up. Consider Cirque du Soleil—which invented a new industry that combined elements from traditional circus with elements drawn from sophisticated theater. In just 20 years, Cirque raked in revenues that Ringling Bros. and Barnum Bailey—the world’s leading circus—needed more than a century to attain. The Idea in Practice How to begin creating blue oceans? Kim and Mauborgne offer these suggestions:

Timeline of Education Free Essays

Time Line of Education History of American Education Edu 324 Hernandez Karen Lane 4 March 2013 1647 The General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony decrees that every town of fifty families should have an elementary school and that every town of 100 families should have a Latin school. The goal is to ensure that Puritan children learn to read the Bible and receive basic information about their Calvinist religion. 1779 Thomas Jefferson proposes a two-track educational system, with different tracks in his words for â€Å"the laboring and the learned. We will write a custom essay sample on Timeline of Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scholarship would allow a very few of the laboring class to advance, Jefferson says, by â€Å"raking a few geniuses from the rubbish. † 1785 The Continental Congress passes a law calling for a survey of the â€Å"Northwest Territory† which included what was to become the state of Ohio. The law created â€Å"townships,† reserving a portion of each township for a local school. From these â€Å"land grants† eventually came the U. S. system of â€Å"land grant universities,† the state public universities that exist today. 1790 Pennsylvania state constitution calls for free public education but only for poor children. It is expected that rich people will pay for their children’s schooling. 1805 New York Public School Society formed by wealthy businessmen to provide education for poor children. Schools are run on the â€Å"Lancasterian† model, in which one â€Å"master† can teach hundreds of students in a single room. The master gives a rote lesson to the older students, who then pass it down to the younger students. These schools emphasize discipline and obedience qualities that factory owners want in their workers. 817 A petition presented in the Boston Town Meeting calls for establishing of a system of free public primary schools. Main support comes from local merchants, businessmen and wealthier artisans. Many wage earners oppose it, because they don’t want to pay the taxes. 1820 First public high school in the U. S. , Boston English, opens. 1827 Massachusetts passes a law mak ing all grades of public school open to all pupils free of charge. 1830s By this time, most southern states have laws forbidding teaching people in slavery to read. Even so, around 5 percent become literate at great personal risk. 1820-1860 3. 1 million immigrants arrive a number equal to one eighth of the entire U. S. population. Owners of industry needed a docile, obedient workforce and look to public schools to provide it. 1837 Horace Mann becomes head of the newly formed Massachusetts State Board of Education. Edmund Dwight, a major industrialist, thinks a state board of education was so important to factory owners that he offered to supplement the state salary with extra money of his own. 840s Over a million Irish immigrants arrive in the United States. Irish Catholics in New York City struggle for local neighborhood control of schools as a way of preventing their children from being force-fed a Protestant curriculum. 1848 Massachusetts Reform School at Westboro opens, where children who have refused to attend public schools are sent. This begins a long tradition of â€Å"reform schools,† which combine the education and juvenile just ice systems. 1851 State of Massachusetts passes first its compulsory education law. The goal is to make sure that the children of poor immigrants get â€Å"civilized† and learn obedience and restraint, so they make good workers and don’t contribute to social upheaval. 1865-1877 African Americans mobilize to bring public education to the South for the first time. After the Civil War, and with the legal end of slavery, African Americans in the South make alliances with white Republicans to push for many political changes, including for the first time rewriting state constitutions to guarantee free public education. In practice, white children benefit more than Black children. 1893-1913 Size of school boards in the country’s 28 biggest cities is cut in half. Most local district (or â€Å"ward†) based positions are eliminated, in favor of city-wide elections. This means that local immigrant communities lose control of their local schools. Makeup of school boards changes from small local businessmen and some wage earners to professionals (like doctors and lawyers), big businessmen and other members of the richest classes. 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision. The U. S. Supreme Court rules that the state of Louisiana has the right to require â€Å"separate but equal† railroad cars for Blacks and whites. This decision means that the federal government officially recognizes segregation as legal. One result is that southern states pass laws requiring racial segregation in public schools. 1905 The U. S. Supreme Court requires California to extend public education to the children of Chinese immigrants. 1917 Smith-Hughes Act passes, providing federal funding for vocational education. Big manufacturing corporations push this, because they want to remove job skill training from the apprenticeship programs of trade unions and bring it under their own control. 1924 An act of Congress makes Native Americans U. S. citizens for the first time. 1930-1950 The NAACP brings a series of suits over unequal teachers’ pay for Blacks and whites in southern states. At the same time, southern states realize they are losing African American labor to the northern cities. These two sources of pressure resulted in some increase of spending on Black schools in the South. 1932 A survey of 150 school districts reveals that three quarters of them are using so-called intelligence testing to place students in different academic tracks. 1945 At the end of World War 2, the G. I. Bill of Rights gives thousands of working class men college scholarships for the first time in U. S. history. 1948 Educational Testing Service is formed, merging the College Entrance Examination Board, the Cooperative Test Service, the Graduate Records Office, the National Committee on Teachers Examinations and others, with huge grants from the Rockefeller and Carnegie foundations. These testing services continued the work of eugenicists like Carl Brigham (originator of the SAT) who did research â€Å"proving† that immigrants were feeble-minded. 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. The Supreme Court unanimously agrees that segregated schools are â€Å"inherently unequal† and must be abolished. Almost 45 years later in 1998, schools, especially in the north, are as segregated as ever. 1957 A federal court orders integration of Little Rock, Arkansas public schools. Governor Orval Faubus sends his National Guard to physically prevent nine African American students from enrolling at all-white Central High School. Reluctantly, President Eisenhower sends federal troops to enforce the court order not because he supports desegregation, but because he can’t let a state governor use military power to defy the U. S. federal government. 1968 African American parents and white teachers clash in the Ocean Hill-Brownsville area of New York City, over the issue of community control of the schools. Teachers go on strike, and the community organizes freedom schools while the public schools are closed. 1974 Milliken v. Bradley. A Supreme Court made up of Richard Nixon‘s appointees rules that schools may not be desegregated across school districts. This effectively legally segregates students of color in inner-city districts from white students in wealthier white suburban districts. Late 1970s The so-called â€Å"taxpayers’ revolt† leads to the passage of Proposition 13 in California, and copy-cat measures like Proposition 2-1/2 in Massachusetts. These propositions freeze property taxes, which are a major source of funding for public schools. As a result, in twenty years California drops from first in the nation in per-student spending in 1978 to number 43 in 1998. 1980s The federal Tribal Colleges Act establishes a community college on every Indian reservation, which allows young people to go to college without leaving their families. 1994 Proposition 187 passes in California, making it illegal for children of undocumented immigrants to attend public school. Federal courts hold Proposition 187 unconstitutional, but anti-immigrant feeling spreads across the country. Resources: Applied Research Center 2012, Historical Timeline of Public Education in the US Retrieved from: http://www. arc. rg/content/view/100/217/ Gaither, M. 2011 History of American Education Chapters two through eight of book Retrieved from https://content. ashford. edu/books/AUHIS324. 11. 1/ Morgan A Time Rime, Influential Events in the History of American Education Retrieved from: http://timerime. com/en/event/1386863/Latin+Grammar+School/ Sass, Edmund @ College of Saint Benedict/Saint John’s University American Educational History: A Hypertext Timeline 2013 Retrieved from: http://www. eds-resources. com/educationhistorytimeline. html How to cite Timeline of Education, Papers

Sole Purpose of Women in Othello Essay Example For Students

Sole Purpose of Women in Othello Essay The sole purpose of women in the play is to highlight the struggles of the male characters The sole purpose of women in ‘Othello’ is not to highlight the struggles of male characters, but in fact I feel it’s much the opposite. There is a strong emphasis on women as possessions and the idea that women are submissive. The three women in the play -Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca are rejected by their respective partners. In a modern reading, we can deconstruct the play to understand that the struggles of women seem to be highlighted; strongly aided by the male counterparts which drives the women to form a closer relationship with each other. In doing this, the portrayal of the male characters to a 21st century audience would seem somewhat pessimistic. Yet when we consider the time in which it was written, these were the social norms. Shakespeare has unconsciously positioned his audience over time to draw attention to the struggles of women, particularly through a feminist reading. Othello’s portrayal of women is that of a piece of property. The metaphor in the line â€Å"come my dear love, the purchase has been made, the fruits ensue† describes marriage as an act of purchase; the woman as the piece of property. Here it is suggested that a woman is bought by her husband and expected to fulfil his sexual needs without any feeling of emotion attached. Further emphasis is made in regards to performing sexual tasks in imagery similar to food consumption when Emilia says to Desdemona, â€Å"They are all but stomachs, and we are all but food/ They eat us hungerly and when they are full they belch us†. Emilia is expressing that women are used emotionally and sexually by their male partners, being defined by male’s sexual access to them. This reiterates the idea of women as male possessions and the feelings of emotional rejection associated with it. Despite the fact that the women of Othello are so submissive, they are rejected by their male partner. Society weighs heavily on the shoulders of these women; they feel that they must support the men and always act obedient, even if the actions of the men are questionable. In the line, â€Å"Your napkin is too little† we see Othello rejecting Desdemona’s act of kindness towards her husband. Notably, she does not seem fazed by his rudeness and rejection and replies with â€Å"I am sorry that you are not well. The symbolism associated with the handkerchief represents virginity and fidelity. It is also a symbol of Othello’s love for Desdemona. By dismissing the handkerchief because it is ‘too little’, suggests Othello’s diminishing love towards his wife because of her supposed infidelities. Here the audience is positioned to empathis e with Desdemona and to abhor to Othello’s quick judgement of character. Resulting from the feeling of rejection the women receive from their husbands, they start to form a closer bond with each other. Emilia begins to show genuine concern for Desdemona’s problems with Othello in Act 4, but once again Desdemona is portrayed as submissive when she tells Emilia that even when Othello is angry with her, she still finds â€Å"grace and favour. † The prolonged obedience demonstrates the inherent struggle women face to uphold the Venetian society values. Desdemona is unconscious in her act of obedience, to the fact that has little control over her life. She is always trying to please Othello despite the way he undermines her loyalty. The use of black and white imagery in the play helps to emphasis Desdemona’s innocence and Othello’s growing iniquity. When Othello says, â€Å"So I will turn her virtue into pitch† it suggests the stereotypes of whiteness as pure and virginal as opposed to black as corrupt and evil. In doing so, he positions himself as an outsider because he is corrupting her pureness just by being her husband. Desdemona, blind to this fact, continues to serve him well whilst the audience is exposed to Othello’s lack of trust in his wife and increasingly corrupt nature. .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba , .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba .postImageUrl , .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba , .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba:hover , .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba:visited , .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba:active { border:0!important; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba:active , .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue30a68b877573060cf098ca8f1c255ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Etymology of Court EssayThis then drives Desdemona to confide in Emilia as she notices differences in her husband’s behaviour. Highlighting woman’s struggle, Shakespeare uses dramatic irony. For example, the audience knows that Iago is manipulating Othello and that Othello plans to murder Desdemona. â€Å"With as little web as this, I will ensnare as great a fly as Cassio. † This simile in Iago’s soliloquy suggests intent, putting the audience in the know. The reference to animal imagery, the ‘web’ refers to a web of lies and deceit. Furthermore, associating Cassio with a ‘fly’ implies his irrelevance to Iago. The use of animal imagery foregrounds Iago’s predatory nature as he often uses images to plant ideas in other characters head, to further his own plans – leading to Othello’s downfall. The use of dramatic irony positions the audience to empathise with Desdemona as it foregrounds her undervalued character as Iago does not feel bad for using her as a tool in which he manipulates Othello for his own revenge. This in turn suggests an element of women’s worthlessness and the struggle to be independent and respected as a human being. In conclusion, the sole purpose of women in the play is to highlight the values of Venetian society through a male perspective and as such, draw attention to the struggles of women who are expected to be male’s sexual property, submissive and worthless. Of course, this reading of the play would not have been valid during Shakespeare’s time, and in saying this, was not Shakespeare’s initial intent. However, as society has changed, a contemporary feminist reading can gather the conclusion that males took women foregranted and had little genuine respect towards them.

Solar and Lunar Eclipes free essay sample

We avoid whats painful and stay in our comfort zones. Thats why we occasionally need a little cosmic kick in the pants to push us off the fence and into action. Eclipses are these agents of change. They fall four to six times a year and turn things upside-down. In our disoriented state, we may act out of character or see turbulence in the world. Eclipses can also help break patterns and shift dynamics. However, most astrologers suggest waiting a week or so before taking drastic action, allowing the eclipse energy to settle first. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes behind the Earth so that the Earth blocks the Suns rays from striking the Moon. This can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned exactly, or very closely so, with the Earth in the middle. Hence, a lunar eclipse can only occur the night of a full moon. We will write a custom essay sample on Solar and Lunar Eclipes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The type and length of an eclipse depend upon the Moons location relative to its orbital nodes. The most recent total lunar eclipse occurred on December 10, 2011. The previous total lunar eclipse occurred on June 15, 2011; The recent eclipse was visible from all of Asia and Australia, seen as rising over Europe and setting over Northwest North America. The last to previous total lunar eclipse occurred on December 21, 2010, at 08:17 UTC. [1] Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a certain relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of the Earth. A lunar eclipse lasts for a few hours, whereas a total solar eclipse lasts for only a few minutes at any given place, due to the smaller size of the moons shadow. Also unlike solar eclipses, lunar eclipses are safe to view without any eye protection or special precautions, as they are no brighter (indeed dimmer) than the full moon itself. Two solar and two lunar eclipses take place in 2012 as follows. 2012 May 20: Annular Solar Eclipse| 2012 Jun 04: Partial Lunar Eclipse| 2012 Nov 13: Total Solar Eclipse| 2012 Nov 28: Penumbral Lunar Eclipse| Annular Solar Eclipse of May 20 The first solar eclipse of 2012 occurs at the Moons descending node in central Taurus. An annular eclipse will be visible from a 240 to 300 ilometre-wide track that traverses eastern Asia, the northern Pacific Ocean and the western United States. A partial eclipse is seen within the much broader path of the Moons penumbral shadow, that includes much of Asia, the Pacific and the western 2/3 of North America (Figure 1). The annular path begins in southern China at 22:06 UT. Because the Moon passed through apogee one day earlier (May 19 at 16:14 UT), its large distance from Earth produces a wide path of annularity. Traveling eastward, the shadow quickly sweeps along the southern coast of Japan as the central line duration of annularity grows from 4. to 5. 0 minutes. Tokyo lies 10 kilometres north of the central line. For the over 10 million residents within the metropolitan area, the annular phase will last 5 minutes beginning at 22:32 UT (on May 21 local time). The annular ring is quite thick because the Moons apparent diameter is only 94% that of the Sun. Traveling with a velocity of 1. 1 kilometres/second, the antumbral shadow leaves Japan and heads northeast across the Northern Pacific. The instant of greatest eclipse [1] occurs at 23:52:47 UT when the eclipse magnitude [2] reaches 0. 9439. At that instant, the duration of annularity is 5 minutes 46 seconds, the path width is 237 kilometres and the Sun is 61Â ° above the flat horizon formed by the open ocean. The shadow passes just south of Alaskas Aleutian Islands as the central track slowly curves to the southeast. After a 7000 kilometre-long ocean voyage lasting nearly 2 hours, the antumbra finally reaches land again along the rugged coastlines of southern Oregon and northern California (Figure 2) at 01:23 UT (May 20 local time). Redding, CA lies 30 kilometres south of the central line. Nevertheless, it still experiences an annular phase lasting 4 1/2 minutes beginning at 01:26 UT. It is already late afternoon along this section of the eclipse path. The Suns altitude is 20Â ° during the annular phase and decreasing as the track heads southeast. Central Nevada, southern Utah, and northern Arizona are all within the annular path. By the time the antumbra reaches Albuquerque, NM (01:34 UT), the central duration is still 4 1/2 minutes, but the Suns altitude has dropped to 5Â °. As its leading edge reaches the Texas Panhandle, the shadow is now an elongated ellipse extending all the way to Nevada. Seconds later, the antumbra begins its rise back into space above western Texas as the track and the annular eclipse end. During the course of its 3. 5-hour trajectory, the antumbras track is approximately 13,600 kilometres long and covers 0. 74% of Earths surface area. Path coordinates and central line circumstances are presented in Table 1. Partial phases of the eclipse are visible primarily from the USA, Canada, the Pacific and East Asia. Local circumstances for a number of cities are found in Table 2 (Canada, Mexico and Asia) and Table 3 (USA). All times are given in Universal Time. The Suns altitude and azimuth, the eclipse magnitude and obscuration are all given at the instant of maximum eclipse. The NASA JavaScript Solar Eclipse Explorer is an interactive web page that can quickly calculate the local circumstances of the eclipse from any geographic location not included in Table 1: This is the 33rd eclipse of Saros 128 (Espenak and Meeus, 2006). The family began with a series of 24 partial eclipses starting on 0984 Aug 29. The first central eclipse was total and took place on 1417 May 16. After three more totals and four hybrid eclipses, the series changed to annular on 1561 Aug 11. Subsequent members of Saros 128 were all annular eclipses with increasing durations, the maximum of which was reached on 1832 Feb 01 and lasted 08 minutes 35 seconds. The duration of annularity of each succeeding eclipse is now dropping and will reach 4 minutes with the last annular eclipse of the series on 2120 Jul 25. Saros 128 terminates on 2282 Nov 01 after a string of 9 partial eclipses. Complete details for the 73 eclipses in the series (in the sequence of 24 partial, 4 total, 4 hybrid, 32 annular, and 9 partial) may be found at: Partial Lunar Eclipse of June 04 Observers in western Canada and the USA will have the best views with moonset occurring sometime after mid-eclipse. To catch the entire event, one must be located in the Pacific or eastern Australia. The June 04 partial lunar eclipse belongs to Saros 140, a series of 77 eclipses in the following sequence: 20 penumbral, 8 partial, 28 total, 7 partial, and 14 penumbral lunar eclipses (Espenak and Meeus, 2009). Complete details for the series can be found at: Total Solar Eclipse of November 13 The second solar eclipse of 2012 occurs at the Moons ascending node in central Libra. The path of the Moons umbral shadow crosses the South Pacific Ocean where it makes no landfall except for northern Australia. The Moons penumbral shadow produces a partial eclipse visible from a much larger region covering the South Pacific (including Australia and New Zealand), southern South America, and part of Antarctica (Figure 4). The central eclipse path begins in Australias Garig Ganak Barlu National Park in the Northern Territory about 250 kilometres east of Darwin at 20:35 UT (Figure 5). Traveling southeast, the umbral shadow quickly crosses the Gulf of Carpentaria and reaches the Cape York Peninsula at 20:37 UT. The first and only populated region in the path lies along the east coast of Queensland. Gateway to Australias Great Barrier Reef, Cairns is about 30 kilometres south of the central line. Its residents and visitors will enjoy an early morning total eclipse lasting 2 minutes with the Sun just 14Â ° above the eastern horizon. Observers on the central line can eek out another 5 seconds of totality, but local weather conditions will play a far greater role in choosing a viewing site than a few seconds of totality. After leaving Australia, the umbral shadow glides over the ocean, undisturbed by further landfall for the remainder of its track. Greatest eclipse occurs in the South Pacific at 22:11:48 UT. At this instant, the axis of the Moons shadow passes closest to Earths centre. The maximum duration of totality is 4 minutes 2 seconds, the Suns altitude is 68Â °, and the path width is 179 kilometres. Continuing across the vast South Pacific, the umbral shadows path ends about 800 kilometres west of Chile at 23:48 UT. Over the course of 3. 1 hours, the Moons umbra travels along a path approximately 14,500 kilometres long covering 0. 46% of Earths surface area. Path coordinates and central line circumstances are presented in Table 4. All times are given in Universal Time. The Suns altitude and azimuth, the eclipse magnitude and obscuration are all given at the instant of maximum eclipse. This is the 45th eclipse of Saros 133 (Espenak and Meeus, 2006). The series began on 1219 Jul 13 with the first of 13 partial eclipses. The first annular eclipse was non-central and occurred on 1435 Nov 20. Five more annular eclipses followed until a hybrid eclipse on 1544 Jan 24. Subsequent eclipses in the series have been total with a steadily increasing duration of totality until the peak duration of 6 minutes 50 seconds was reached on 1850 Aug 07. The duration of totality has been decreasing since then. The remaining 20 total eclipses will see totality drop to below 2 minutes. The series ends with a set of 7 partial eclipses the last of which occurs on 2499 Sep 05. Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of November 28 The last lunar eclipse of 2012 is a deep penumbral eclipse with a magnitude of 0. 9155. It should be easily visible to the naked eye as a dusky shading in the northern half of the Moon. The times of the major phases are listed below. Penumbral Eclipse Begins: 12:14:58 UT Greatest Eclipse: 14:33:00 UT Penumbral Eclipse Ends: 16:51:02 UT Note that the beginning and end of a penumbral eclipse are not visible to the eye. In fact, no shading can be detected until about 2/3 of the Moons disk is immersed in the penumbra. This would put the period of eclipse visibility from approximately 14:00 to 15:00 UT. Keep in mind that this is only an estimate. Atmospheric conditions and the observers visual acuity are important factors to consider. An interesting exercise is to note when penumbral shading is first and last seen. Figure 6 shows the path of the Moon through the penumbra as well as a map of Earth showing the regions of eclipse visibility. Eastern Canada and the USA will miss the eclipse entirely since it begins after moonset. Observers in western Canada and the USA will have the best views with moonset occurring sometime after mid-eclipse. To catch the entire event, one must be in Alaska, Hawaii, Australia, or East Asia. The November 28 penumbral lunar eclipse is the 11th member of Saros 145, a series of 71 eclipses in the following sequence: 18 penumbral, 10 partial, 15 total, 20 partial, and 8 penumbral lunar eclipses (Espenak and Meeus, 2009). Complete details for the series can be found at: eclipse. gsfc. nasa. gov/LEsaros/LEsaros145. html Explanatory Information Solar Eclipse Figures Lunar Eclipse Figures Shadow Diameters and Lunar Eclipses